Clin Pharmacokinet 2003; 42 (15): 1331-1357
نویسندگان
چکیده
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1331 1. Nuclear Receptors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1332 1.1 Orphan Receptors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1332 1.2 Nuclear Receptor Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1333 1.3 Nuclear Receptors and Drug-Metabolising Enzymes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1334 2. Pregnane X Receptor (PXR) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1335 2.1 Regulation of Cytochrome P450 CYP3A . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1336 2.2 Regulation of CYP2B6, MDR1 and Other Genes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1338 2.3 Synergistic Effects of the Glucocorticoid Receptor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1340 2.4 PXR Polymorphisms and Interindividual Variability in Metabolism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1341 3. Constitutive Androstane Receptor (CAR) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1342 3.1 Regulation of CYP2B Genes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1342 3.2 Mechanism of Activation of CAR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1343 3.3 Cross-Talk Between CAR and PXR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1344 3.4 Species Differences in Activation of CAR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1344 3.5 Regulation of Other Drug-Metabolising Enzymes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1345 4. Peroxisome Proliferator Activated Receptors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1345 5. Liver X Receptor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1346 6. Farnesoid X Receptor, a Bile Acid Receptor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1347 7. Retinoid X Receptors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1348 8. Clinical Implications of Nuclear Receptor Activation by Drugs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1349 9. Conclusions and Future Directions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1351 During the past several years, important advances have been made in our Abstract understanding of the mechanisms that regulate the expression of genes that determine drug clearance, including phase I and phase II drug-metabolising enzymes and drug transporters. Orphan nuclear receptors have been recognised as key mediators of drug-induced changes in both metabolism and efflux mechan-
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